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In one message read to the jury by a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent, Officer Gilberto Valle of the New York City police wrote that he had picked out a victim and planned to use a stun gun on her. He would then place her in an oven, and cook her at a relatively low heat, "just for my own entertainment and for her suffering," Officer Valle wrote to a man who claimed to be a butcher in Pakistan.

"My mouth is WATERING," the officer had written.

But when a defense lawyer cross-examined the agent about the thousands of Officer Valle's chats and messages that the F.B.I. had reviewed, the tenor of the trial, in its third day in Federal District Court in Manhattan, changed.

The agent, Corey Walsh, testified that investigators had concluded that only three of the two dozen people Officer Valle had exchanged messages with online had been involved in the plotting of real crimes with him. In his communications with about 21 other people, the agent said, Officer Valle had been engaged in fantasy role play.

In a series of withering questions, the lawyer, Robert M. Baum, appeared to try to show that the government had selectively introduced the most damaging of the officer's messages to portray Officer Valle as someone plotting real crimes, while rejecting other chats that did not fit that portrayal.

The clash between real and fantasy was a recurring theme in the courtroom, as Mr. Baum introduced messages for the jury that the bureau had concluded were fantasy role-playing, in which Officer Valle had written that he was not involved in actual crimes.

In one message last April, the officer wrote that it was "fun to chat and push the envelope." When asked how many he had "done," an apparent reference to killing and eating people, he wrote, "in my imagination a lot. Haha."

"I just like to get a little dirty with the ideas," he wrote to another person in February 2012. "I just have a world in my mind and in that world, I am kidnapping women and selling them to people interested in buying them."

The crux of the dispute in Officer Valle's trial has been the government's contention that the officer was plotting actual crimes through his online communications with co-conspirators like the man in Pakistan, and that he also carried out additional acts like conducting surveillance of potential victims. The officer's lawyers have argued that their client was merely engaged in playing out dark fantasies on fetish Web sites that are used by thousands of people. Charges against the officer include conspiracy to commit kidnapping.

Agent Walsh also testified under cross-examination that the F.B.I. did not conduct surveillance of Officer Valle for more than a month after his wife, Kathleen Mangan-Valle, first told the bureau last September about her husband's disturbing e-mails and behavior. He was arrested in late October. Mr. Baum also noted that Officer Valle had written about placing a body in the trunk of his car and asked whether the bureau had searched the trunk or checked for DNA there. The agent answered no.

"You didn't search to determine whether there was ever a body in that trunk?"

"No sir," the agent said.

Agent Walsh had cited the factors he used to differentiate communications that involved real crimes from fantasy role play. The factors included the use of actual victims' names in messages and discussions of past crimes.

Mr. Baum introduced copies of communications that the bureau had concluded were part of fantasy role playing to show that they, too, included the same kinds of discussion of actual victims as well as having other similarities, like methods of torture and even bargaining over the price of the kidnap victims, $4,000 and $5,000.

Earlier in the day, Agent Walsh, under direct examination by a prosecutor, Hadassa Waxman, read aloud additional messages that Officer Valle had exchanged with the man in Pakistan.

"I am not into the humane stuff either," Officer Valle wrote about one woman, Andria Noble, a friend from college, who had testified earlier in the week. "It's personal with Andria. She will absolutely suffer."

Now, with the casinos themselves ailing — a shimmering $2.6 billion resort built with tax incentives announced last week that it was entering bankruptcy less than a year after it opened — the state is doubling down.

Having grown accustomed to the boost that gambling dollars provides its budget, the state is leading the race to embrace increasingly popular but still controversial models that would extend betting well beyond the destination casino approach.

Gov. Chris Christie signed a bill on Tuesday authorizing Internet gambling, which would allow people to play casino games from their mobile phones or laptops. He is also in court fighting a federal ban on sports betting, having signed a law last year that would legalize it.

At the same time, hotels in Atlantic City are experimenting with in-room gambling, as accessible and private as a minibar or on-demand movies. And lawmakers on the opposite side of the state envision pop-up casinos — one legislator likened them to county fairs — at concerts or sporting events.

Much as Atlantic City set the model for the explosion of casinos across the country over the last 20 years, New Jersey's move signals the future of gambling, as states try to tap into the money already flowing to the black market or offshore betting companies, and entice a new generation of gamblers who might graduate from FarmVille to online blackjack, and ideally to an actual casino.

Mr. Christie, a Republican, called the Internet gambling bill a "historic opportunity to continue the state's leadership as a premier destination for tourism and entertainment."

He also pointed to the damage Hurricane Sandy brought to the state, saying, "In the wake of devastating losses suffered by our residents in recent months, we must embrace new ideas to fuel our reconstruction and continued prosperity."

While New Jersey is pushing hardest, other states are not far behind. Delaware and Nevada recently signing bills to allow online betting.

It remains unclear, however, whether the moves will save the traditional gambling industry and provide a boon in tax revenues, or ultimately produce more competition for a limited pool of gamblers.

Arguments about the dangers of people's gambling their savings away have been all but absent. Lawmakers here were mostly concerned about who would get what piece of the pie — the casinos, the racetracks or the state. The one senator to vote against Internet gambling, Michael Doherty, objected only because he argued the smarter move was to build casinos close to big population centers.

Donald Weinbaum, the director of the Council on Compulsive Gambling of New Jersey, said: "Increased access to gambling increases the incidence of gambling addictions, and the Internet could not be more accessible. It's going to accelerate the progression of problems for people who are already at risk."

When casinos first opened in Atlantic City, New Jersey voters were firm that they wanted to limit the growth of gambling. They rejected a 1974 referendum to allow casinos statewide, but narrowly approved one two years later that allowed them only within the confines of the city, a once-glamorous beach community that had the nation's first boardwalk but had lost tourists to other resorts and gained a reputation for crime.

For a time, it was the Eastern capital of American gambling. Casino revenues rose every year, even as Indian casinos opened new fronts in Connecticut.

But in 2007, gross operating profits tumbled 9.6 percent, to $1.25 billion. Casino profits declined around 25 percent in subsequent years, lost to the lure of casinos in neighboring Delaware, New York and Pennsylvania.

Still, New Jersey counts on the casinos for about $300 million in tax revenue. Recognizing Atlantic City's importance, Mr. Christie adopted in 2010 a five-year plan to save it, creating a tourism district and a $30 million marketing plan. When investors threatened not to build Revel, the first new casino since 2003, the governor offered $261 million in tax incentives to prop it up.

With Revel now in bankruptcy, the focus is on the new gambling options to save Atlantic City.

Mr. Christie's budget counts on taking in $180 million in tax revenue from Internet gambling next year. Supporters estimate that New Jersey's casinos and racetracks would take in more than $1 billion annually.

Internet gambling will route through servers in the casinos and be available only to people using the Web inside New Jersey. The casinos hope to be able to connect with new players and lure them with vouchers for the free rooms and other bonuses they now offer the highest rollers.

Following a 2011 federal court decision saying that online gambling was not illegal, at least seven states have moved to enact it. Sports betting, too, would be based at New Jersey's casinos, and at the racetracks, which have argued that they would go out of business without it, taking at least 7,000 jobs and $110 million in tax revenue. The legal hurdles to sports betting, though, are more significant.

"That's the Big Kahuna," said State Senator Raymond J. Lesniak, a Democrat who has been the chief proponent for both online and sports betting.

The effort to legalize sports betting has been closely watched around the country. New Jersey voters overwhelmingly approved a ballot initiative for sports betting in 2009, which Mr. Christie signed into law. The federal government, joined by professional and collegiate sports leagues, sued to block it.

The judge hearing the case has said he will deliver an opinion this week, but both sides expect it to be appealed to the United States Supreme Court regardless of the outcome. If New Jersey is successful in overturning the ban on sports betting, other states are expected to push for it.

The 1992 federal law banning sports betting, championed by Senator Bill Bradley of New Jersey, was intended to limit its expansion beyond Nevada and the three other states that had allowed it. But now, lawyers for New Jersey note that in Nevada alone, the volume of state-sponsored sports betting has increased to $2.9 billion, from $1.5 billion.

In court, sports leagues have objected that sports betting would corrupt the image of their contests. But supporters point out that the leagues themselves allow players to do advertisements for team-branded lottery cards and encourage fantasy leagues on their Web sites.

"They take this pious position; it's completely hypocritical," said Nicholas R. Amato, a lawyer representing the New Jersey Thoroughbred Horsemen's Association. "We have casinos, we have racetracks, we have mobile gaming in the casinos, we have off-track betting parlors. It's not like we're virgins."

In New Jersey, proponents argue that the new moves have already helped. Online betting companies are not only ready to offer games, but they have also moved to buy unwanted casinos.

Mr. Lesniak argues that the future is only bright: "This can make us the Silicon Valley for Internet gaming."

The training mission, already under way, represents the deepest American involvement yet in the Syrian conflict, though the size and scope of the mission is not clear, nor is its host country. The offer of nonlethal assistance is expected to come from Secretary of State John Kerry at a meeting on Thursday in Rome with opposition leaders. Mr. Kerry is also expected to raise the prospect of direct financial aid, though officials cautioned that the White House still had to sign off on all the elements.

Before arriving in Rome on Wednesday, Mr. Kerry declared in Paris that the Syrian opposition needed additional assistance and indicated that the United States and its partners planned to provide some.

Under a broad definition of "nonlethal," assistance to the opposition could include items like vehicles, communications equipment and night vision gear. The Obama administration has said it will not — at least for now — provide arms to the opposition.

One major goal of the administration is to help the opposition build up its credibility within Syria by providing traditional government services to the civilian population. Since the conflict erupted two years ago, the United States has sent $365 million in humanitarian aid to Syrians. American officials have been increasingly worried that extremist members of the resistance against the government of President Bashar al-Assad, notably the Al Nusra Front, which the United States has asserted is affiliated with Al Qaeda, will take control of portions of Syria and cement its authority by providing public services, much as Hezbollah has done in Lebanon.

"Some folks on the ground that we don't support and whose interests do not align with ours are delivering some of that help," Mr. Kerry said.

To blunt the power of extremist groups, the United States wants to help the Syrian Opposition Council, the coalition of Syrian resistance leaders it backs and helped organize, deliver basic services in areas that have been wrested from the control of the Assad government.

Another major goal in providing assistance is to jump-start negotiations over a political transition by sending a message to Mr. Assad that the rebels would ultimately prevail on the ground.

"He needs to know that he can't shoot his way out of this," Mr. Kerry said of Mr. Assad.

The main significance of the policy shift, officials said, is not just the type of equipment that would be sent to the opposition, but who the recipients would be.

Until now, none of the aid the United States has supplied has been sent to the Free Syrian Army fighters, who are doing battle with Mr. Assad. Rather, the distribution of assistance has been limited to local councils and unarmed groups. But this would change if the administration expanded its assistance.

What remains off the table, at least as far as the White House is concerned, are weapons. President Obama last year rejected a proposal by the Central Intelligence Agency, the State Department and the Pentagon to arm a select cadre of rebels. American officials indicated Wednesday that the White House was still opposed to providing weapons.

Still, one official said that the financing the United States planned to send to the resistance might indirectly help the rebels arm themselves as it might free up other funds to purchase weapons.

The United States is not the only nation that is planning to take the step of sending nonlethal assistance to armed groups. Last week, the European Union agreed to a British proposal that nonlethal equipment could be sent. Britain and other members are currently discussing precisely what sort of equipment would be allowed under the terms of the European decision.

"In the face of such murder and threat of instability, our policy cannot stay static as the weeks go by," the British foreign secretary, William Hague, said after a meeting with Mr. Kerry in London on Monday. "We must significantly increase support for the Syrian opposition. We are preparing to do just that."

The French foreign minister, Laurent Fabius, also called for increased support to the opposition after a meeting with Mr. Kerry in Paris on Wednesday, although he did not specify what sort of aid France planned to provide.

"If we want to have a new regime, we have to encourage the opposition," Mr. Fabius said. "We have to help the situation to move."

The comments of the secretary of state and allied officials have generated considerable expectations for the Thursday meeting, which will be attended by Moaz al-Khatib, the leader of the Syrian opposition coalition, and other coalition members.

Earlier this week, Mr. Khatib had balked at attending the meeting, reflecting the deep disappointment in the Syrian opposition over what it feels is the failure of major powers to help in its effort to defeat Mr. Assad. But he relented after a phone call from Mr. Kerry, which was followed up by a call from Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr.

Mr. Kerry's meeting with Mr. Khatib will be his first with the Syrian opposition leader. Mr. Kerry said the input from the opposition would enable the administration to assess what steps were needed.

Among the unanswered questions is how additional American aid would be channeled to the rebel groups. If it flows through the Supreme Military Council affiliated with the Syrian opposition coalition, some experts said, it may not reach the armed groups that are making the biggest gains against the Assad government.

"The problem is the Supreme Military Council does not have tentacles on the ground," said Andrew J. Tabler, a Syria expert and senior fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. "If you provide a bunch of bandages and body armor to them, it may not matter much."

Still, Mr. Tabler said the administration's decision to take this step was a welcome sign that its policy of steering clear of any military involvement in the conflict was no longer tenable.

"They're still reluctant, so they're moving incrementally," he said. "But the Obama administration has to look at one reality: what they have done isn't working."

Samsung's smartphones have been best sellers all over the world, but the company has been, until recently, marketing them to consumers, not businesses.

But over the last year, Samsung, the South Korean manufacturer, has been quietly beefing up the Google Android software that runs on its smartphones to give businesses a phone with more security.

It introduced that software, named Knox, as in the fort, at an international cellphone industry trade show here this week. Samsung said its new version of Android protected users from malware.

The company hopes that the new software makes Samsung smartphones attractive to corporate information technology departments that worry about the theft of sensitive corporate data by hackers. I.T. managers have been among BlackBerry's most loyal customers because of the security BlackBerry built into its phones and the private communications network it maintains.

Samsung said it teamed up with General Dynamics, a military contractor, to ensure its phones met the strict security standards of government agencies. Samsung executives have said Knox will first appear on a new Galaxy smartphone in the second quarter. That phone is likely to be the Galaxy S IV, which is expected to be introduced at an event in New York on March 14.

The company has also been focusing more on businesses in its advertisements. It ran a series of amusing commercials during the Academy Awards show on Sunday featuring the phones' handiness in a business.Samsung said it had evidence that it was ready for enterprise. Thousands of its Galaxy smartphones and tablets are already in the hands of American Airlines flight attendants, Dish Network cable technicians and Boston Scientific health care professionals.

"We will become No. 1 in enterprise," said Tim Wagner, a vice president for enterprise sales at Samsung who worked at BlackBerry. "If Samsung chooses to be No. 1 in a certain area, we will become No. 1."

Samsung has become the top seller of televisions and cellphones, but persuading I.T. managers to risk their jobs on a new security system will be tricky. BlackBerry executives insist the BlackBerry is still the top phone for professionals. But the company is vulnerable. Android phones and Apple iPhones last year replaced BlackBerrys as the most-used phones among workers all over the world, according to a study by the research firm IDC.

It found that more businesses were buying iPhones for their employees, and Android phones were the most popular among workers buying their own phones. That puts Samsung, as the leading Android phone maker, in position to become a top vendor for businesses.

To appeal to the business user, Samsung added special features to Android. One tool allows the phone owner to create separate "personas" for personal and business use, a feature also on the new BlackBerry 10.

In a phone's business persona, an office worker can use apps approved and monitored by the I.T. department. The worker can switch to a personal persona, where personal photos, games and calendar are stored, which cannot be seen by I.T. If the employee were to leave the company and keep the phone, the I.T manager can erase the data from the business persona, leaving the personal data untouched.

The business persona also has a layer of security. If malware were to infect the phone, it would not be able to invade the apps and data in the business persona, said Rhee Injong, a senior vice president for the Samsung group that developed Knox.

Samsung also has teamed up with AirWatch, a company that makes tools for I.T. professionals to manage phones. AirWatch will make detailed tweaks inside the business persona of a Samsung device, like creating restrictions for Wi-Fi networks or blacklisting certain apps.

John Marshall, chief executive of AirWatch, said that the benefit of Samsung's openness was that businesses could tailor their phone's software and also better manage the corporate fleet of phones. He said that because BlackBerry made its own I.T. management software, its flexibility was limited. BlackBerry, however, said that its approach offered higher and more consistent levels of security.

Samsung is also collaborating with developers. The note-sharing app Catch, for example, will use the persona system to allow people to divide notes so that the memos they share with friends do not show up in the notes they share with co-workers.

"It's going to make it much easier for people to use the app they use for personal collaboration with loved ones and family members, and then be able to use that same one at work," said Andreas Schobel, chief executive of Catch, in an interview.

BlackBerry's Balance feature allows corporations and governments to segregate employees' phones for work-related data and apps on its BlackBerry 10 phones. If any of those phones are stolen, or an employee is dismissed, corporate I.T. departments can wipe out company data by remote control.

In a statement, David J. Smith, the executive vice president for mobile computing at BlackBerry, suggested that Samsung's variation of Balance was wanting. "Only BlackBerry Balance can effectively keep sensitive corporate information secure while keeping an individual's personal information private," he said in a statement.

Mr. Smith also reiterated BlackBerry's longstanding claim that it was uniquely secure.

"Whatever any of our competitors announce, one thing won't change," Mr. Smith wrote. "The most secure mobile computing solution is a BlackBerry device running on a BlackBerry platform."

BlackBerry's first BlackBerry 10 phone, the Z10, is scheduled for release in the United States next month.

Alex Stamos, the chief technology officer of Artemis Internet, a computer security company, said that it would take more disclosure and months of study to assess the overall security of the Samsung system. He said that the ability to segregate work and personal data and apps was available for all Android phones from a number of other companies, including Good Technology and Fixmo.

He said that I.T. managers may be wary.

"You're trying to protect computations that operate in a secure container from an operating system you don't trust," Mr. Stamos said.

But because Samsung is a handset maker, its new system will have one significant distinction from other security products for Android. Like BlackBerry, Mr. Stamos said, Samsung will build a "trusted component" into the hardware of its phones that will verify that the phone's security and operating systems have not been corrupted.

"That makes it much harder to break any device." he said. "It is much closer to what a BlackBerry does."

Chris Hazelton, an analyst at 451 Research, issued a detailed report calling Knox a "fortress" for enterprise data on mobile devices. He said that by splitting business and personal apps into separate containers, Knox might even open doors for government workers to bring their own devices to work.

Chetan Sharma, a mobile communications consultant who has worked with wireless carriers, said that the BlackBerry remained the strong favorite of I.T. departments with strong concerns about security. But he said he was not sure that would last. And he said Samsung was in a strong position to attack.

"I think BlackBerry e-mail is still a gold standard," he said. But he noted that the hard truth for BlackBerry was that people were choosing their own phones for use at work. Stronger security will become even more important as Samsung steps into the world of mobile payments. At the trade show, Samsung also demonstrated its new Wallet app that will allow for people to pay for things with coming Galaxy phones. It also announced a partnership with Visa to handle mobile payments.

The bills were introduced in response to Secure Communities, a federal program that has become a cornerstone of the Obama administration's immigration enforcement strategy.

Under the program, the fingerprints of a suspect booked at a local jail are sent to the Homeland Security Department and compared with those in its files. If officials find that a suspect is in the country illegally or is a noncitizen with a criminal record, they may issue "a detainer" — a request that the police hold the person so that he or she can be transferred to federal custody.

The program has drawn the opposition of immigrants' advocates, and some elected officials across the country have sought to limit their jurisdictions' participation, in part by restricting cooperation with detainer requests.

The Council, which is dominated by Democrats, approved each bill by 40 to 7. Three Democrats joined the Council's four Republicans in opposition.

Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg is expected to sign both bills.

The bills ban the city from honoring detainers except in limited circumstances. For example, immigrants must have had a previous felony conviction or be facing a felony charge; or they must have been included in a federal gang database or on a terrorist watch list; or they must have had outstanding criminal warrants or previous orders of deportation; or they must have been charged with one of several misdemeanors, including sexual abuse, assault and gun possession.

In addition, the proposed laws would allow the city to honor a detainer request for an immigrant convicted of a misdemeanor as long as the conviction occurred within the past decade and was not for unlicensed driving, prostitution or loitering for the purposes of prostitution.

But the laws would block detainers for immigrants facing all but the most serious misdemeanor charges.

The measures expand the restrictions on detainers that were passed by the Council and signed into law by Mr. Bloomberg in 2011.

"We have seen too many families torn apart by current detention and deportation practices," the Council speaker, Christine C. Quinn, said in a statement. "Our legislation will ensure that the city does not enable such a harmful policy."

Still, the practical effects of the bills are unclear because they roughly echo guidelines issued recently by the director of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or ICE, which handles detentions and deportations.

In a Dec. 21 memorandum, the director, John Morton, instructed field agents to issue detainers only for certain immigrants, including those who had been convicted of serious crimes, had been deported once and returned illegally or posed a threat to public safety.

The guidance, the agency said in a news release at the time, "restricts the use of detainers against individuals arrested for minor misdemeanor offenses such as traffic offenses and other petty crimes, helping to ensure that available resources are focused on apprehending felons, repeat offenders and other ICE priorities."

At a dedication ceremony on Wednesday that was attended by dozens of Mrs. Parks's relatives, President Obama and Congressional leaders paid tribute to Mrs. Parks, whose act of defiance and work in the civil rights movement helped spur desegregation across the country and the passage of the Voting Rights Act. Almost simultaneously with the ceremony, the landmark law was facing a legal challenge at the Supreme Court, across the street from the Capitol.

"This morning, we celebrate a seamstress, slight of stature but mighty in courage," Mr. Obama said.

The statue of Mrs. Parks captures her waiting to be arrested on Dec. 1, 1955, after she refused to give up her seat for a white passenger on a crowded segregated bus in Montgomery, Ala. She is seated, dressed in a heavy wool coat and clutching her purse as she looks out of an unseen window waiting for the police.

"In a single moment, with the simplest of gestures, she helped change America and change the world," Mr. Obama said.

He chronicled how Mrs. Parks, despite having held no elected office, lacking wealth and living far from the seat of power, touched off a movement that made it possible for him to become president.

"And today, she takes her rightful place among those who shaped this nation's course," Mr. Obama said.

"We do well by placing a statue of her here," he added. "But we can do no greater honor than to remember and to carry forward the power of her principle and a courage born of conviction."

The statue of Mrs. Parks will sit in Statuary Hall, where lawmakers frequently pass on their way to vote, and where, Speaker John A. Boehner noted, she sits in the gaze of Jefferson Davis, the Mississippi senator who was appointed president of the Confederacy during the Civil War.

Senator Mitch McConnell of Kentucky, the Republican leader, said that Mrs. Parks's decision to get arrested rather than to give up her seat helped unite the country.

"For some, Rosa Parks served as an inspiration to stand up against injustice," he said. "For others, she was a spur to reflection and self-examination, and the reconciliation of cherished ideals of freedom, democracy and constitutional rights with the reality of life as others lived it."

Urana McCauley, Mrs. Parks's niece, sat crying through the hourlong program. At 42, she is the same age that her aunt was when she was arrested.

"We talked about what it was like and how important it was for her to do what she did," she said. "It's so personal because I know what my aunt went through. And it was beyond just being physically tired. She was tired of the injustice."

At the Supreme Court, a crowd protested as the justices began hearing opening arguments in a challenge to the Voting Rights Act.

Representative James E. Clyburn of South Carolina, a member of the House Democratic leadership, said many people feared that the case could undo many of the advances Mrs. Parks fought to secure.

"The pursuit is not over," he said. "To honor Rosa Parks in the fullest manner, each of us must do our part to preserve what has been gained, to defend the great documents upon which those gains were obtained, and continue our pursuit of a more perfect union."

Mrs. Parks, who would have turned 100 on Feb. 4, has received the highest civilian honors from the White House and Congress, and her face has been on a postage stamp. When she died in 2005, she was the first woman to lie in state in the Capitol Rotunda, an honor usually reserved for former lawmakers and presidents. She also served as a Congressional aide on the staff of Representative John Conyers, Democrat of Michigan.

Her statue adds to a small collection of art devoted to prominent black women in the Capitol that includes a bust of Sojourner Truth and a painting of Shirley Chisholm.

The statue was the first commissioned by Congress in 140 years. It was designed by Robert Firmin and sculptured by Eugene Daub.

The Rev. Jesse L. Jackson attended the dedication ceremony. His son Jesse L. Jackson Jr., a former congressman, introduced the legislation to commission the statue of Mrs. Parks with former Senator John Kerry, now the secretary of state. After the ceremony, the elder Mr. Jackson remembered Mrs. Parks as a fighter.

"She was not a meek woman," Mr. Jackson said, rejecting the popular narrative that Mrs. Parks did not give up her seat simply because she was tired, and recalling her work for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. "She meant to make something happen."

He predicted that the Supreme Court would leave intact the Voting Rights Act, which Mrs. Parks watched President Lyndon B. Johnson sign in 1965.